Emerging Evidence Linking the Liver to the Cardiovascular System: Liver-derived Secretory Factors

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recently, accumulating evidence has revealed hepatic mediators, termed as liver-derived secretory factors (LDSFs), play an important role in regulating CVDs such atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, thrombosis, myocardial infarction, heart failure, metabolic cardiomyopathy, arterial hypertension, pulmonary hypertension. LDSFs presented here consisted microbial metabolite, extracellular vesicles, proteins, microRNA, they are primarily or exclusively synthesized released by liver, have been shown to exert pleiotropic actions on cardiovascular system. mainly target vascular endothelial cell, smooth muscle cells, cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, macrophages platelets, further modulate nitric oxide synthase/nitric oxide, function, energy metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, dystrophic calcification. Although some known be detrimental/beneficial, controversial findings were also reported for many. Therefore, more studies required explore causal relationships between uncover exact mechanisms, which is expected extend our understanding crosstalk liver system identify potential therapeutic targets. Furthermore, case patients with awareness should given implications these abnormalities These underline importance early recognition intervention practice care, a multidisciplinary approach combining hepatologists cardiologists would preferable patients.